Category: Language Learning | Keeleõpet - Maakeel: Estonian Language

Talumaja Hiiumaal (farmhouse on Hiiumaa Island)

5/8/2016

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Basic vocabulary for house and garden:

Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!

The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.

Farmhouse
Door
Window
Roof
Chimney
Tree
Bush
Grass
Flower
Sky
Pole fence
Green grass
Blue sky
Yellow flower

Talumaja
Uks
Aken
Katus
Korsten
Puu
Põõsas
Muru
Lill
Taevas
Teivasaed
Roheline muru
Sinine taevas
Kollane lill

Talumaja
Ukse
Akna
Katuse
Korstna
Puu
Põõsa
Muru
Lille
Taeva
Teivasaia
Rohelise muru
Sinise taeva
Kollase lille

Talumaja
Ust
Akent
Katust
Korstnat
Puud
Põõsast
Muru
Lille
Taevast
Teivasaeda
Rohelist muru
Sinist taevast
Kollast lille

Photo source (pildi allikas): Wikimedia Commons and interactive vocabulary made with Thinglink.

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Compound Words (Liitsõnad)

4/15/2016

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Estonian compound words are usually made of two nouns, the first one in the nominative (nimetav) or genitive (omastav) case, the second one in the nominative (nimetav) case. Compound words in Estonian are often creative and descriptive. Some of the more interesting and descriptive compound words include:

pesu (wash) + karu (bear) = pesukaru (washbear) raccoon

kilp (shield) + konn (frog) = kilpkonn (shieldfrog) turtle

jõe (river) + hobu (horse) = jõehobu (riverhorse) hippopotamus

nina (nose) + sarvik (horn) = ninasarvik (nosehorn) rhinoceros

raud (iron) + tee (road) = raudtee (ironroad) railroad

pistik (plug) + pesa (nest) = pistikupesa (plugnest) outlet

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75 ways to say "80"

4/1/2016

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For those not yet familiar with the Estonian case system, don't panic. You don't actually have to memorize 75 forms of the word "eighty", or of any other word.

But it is true that there are 75 forms of the word "eighty"*. Here's how: there are 14 cases in Estonian. Each case has a singular and plural form, making 28 total. The numbers, in addition, have cardinal (one, two, three) and ordinal (first, second, third) forms, which makes two sets of 28.   That makes 56, but in some cases there are more than one possible form. For the word "eighty" (or for any similar number word), many plural cases have two forms, and the total is 75 forms.

On the bright side, there are fairly consistent rules to how cases are formed, so for most words you can form the all the other cases by learning only three forms (nominative, genitive, and partitive).

*Why did I choose the number eighty? Because it's the one I encountered recently that was giving me trouble. I was trying to figure out the adessive plural of the ordinal number; in other words, I wanted to say "in the eighties". No, English doesn't use the ordinal number for this, but Estonian does: it means "in the eightieth (years)."

By the way, the correct form for "in the eighties" is kaheksakümnendatel.

Põhiarvud - cardinal
Ainsus - singular forms

nimetav (nominative)
omastav (genitive)
osastav (partitive) 1
osastav (partitive) 2
sisseütlev (illative)
seesütlev (inessive)
seestütlev (elative)
alaleütlev (allative)
alalütlev (adessive)
alaltütlev (ablative)
saav (translative)
rajav (terminative)
olev (essive)
ilmaütlev (abessive)
kaasaütlev (comitative)

Põhiarvud - cardinal
Mitmus - plural forms

nimetav (nominative)
omastav (genitive)
osastav (partitive)
sisseütlev (illative) 1
sisseütlev (illative) 2
seesütlev (inessive) 1
seesütlev (inessive) 2
seestütlev (elative) 1
seestütlev (elative) 2
alaleütlev (allative) 1
alaleütlev (allative) 2
alalütlev (adessive) 1
alalütlev (adessive) 2
alaltütlev (ablative) 1
alaltütlev (ablative) 2
saav (translative) 1
saav (translative) 2
rajav (terminative) 1
rajav (terminative) 2
olev (essive) 1
olev (essive) 2
ilmaütlev (abessive)
kaasaütlev (comitative)

Järgarvud - ordinal
Ainsus - singular forms

nimetav (nominative)
omastav (genitive)
osastav (partitive)
sisseütlev (illative)
seesütlev (inessive)
seestütlev (elative)
alaleütlev (allative)
alalütlev (adessive)
alaltütlev (ablative)
saav (translative)
rajav (terminative)
olev (essive)
ilmaütlev (abessive)
kaasaütlev (comitative)

Järgarvud - ordinal
Mitmus - plural forms

nimetav (nominative)
omastav (genitive)
osastav (partitive)
sisseütlev (illative) 1
sisseütlev (illative) 2
seesütlev (inessive) 1
seesütlev (inessive) 2
seestütlev (elative) 1
seestütlev (elative) 2
alaleütlev (allative) 1
alaleütlev (allative) 2
alalütlev (adessive) 1
alalütlev (adessive) 2
alaltütlev (ablative) 1
alaltütlev (ablative) 2
saav (translative) 1
saav (translative) 2
rajav (terminative) 1
rajav (terminative) 2
olev (essive) 1
olev (essive) 2
ilmaütlev (abessive)
kaasaütlev (comitative)

kaheksakümmend
kaheksakümne
kaheksatkümmend
kaheksatkümmet
kaheksakümnesse
kaheksakümnes
kaheksakümnest
kaheksakümnele
kaheksakümnel
kaheksakümnelt
kaheksakümneks
kaheksakümneni
kaheksakümnena
kaheksakümneta
kaheksakümnega

kaheksakümned
kaheksakümnete
kaheksakümneid
kaheksakümneisse
kaheksakümnetesse
kaheksakümneis
kaheksakümnetes
kaheksakümneist
kaheksakümnetest
kaheksakümneile
kaheksakümnetele
kaheksakümneil
kaheksakümnetel
kaheksakümneilt
kaheksakümnetelt
kaheksakümneiks
kaheksakümneteks
kaheksakümneini
kaheksakümneteni
kaheksakümneina
kaheksakümnetena
kaheksakümneteta
kaheksakümnetega

kaheksakümnes
kaheksakümnenda
kaheksakümnendat
kaheksakümnendasse
kaheksakümnendas
kaheksakümnendast
kaheksakümnendale
kaheksakümnendal
kaheksakümnendalt
kaheksakümnendaks
kaheksakümnendani
kaheksakümnendana
kaheksakümnendata
kaheksakümnendaga

kaheksakümnendad
kaheksakümnendate
kaheksakümnendaid
kaheksakümnendaisse
kaheksakümnendatesse
kaheksakümnendais
kaheksakümnendates
kaheksakümnendaist
kaheksakümnendatest
kaheksakümnendaile
kaheksakümnendatele
kaheksakümnendail
kaheksakümnendatel
kaheksakümnendailt
kaheksakümnendatelt
kaheksakümnendaiks
kaheksakümnendateks
kaheksakümnendaini
kaheksakümnendateni
kaheksakümnendaina
kaheksakümnendatena
kaheksakümnendateta
kaheksakümnendatega

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Some easily-confused words

3/31/2016

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The following words have similar sounds (and in some cases, related meanings); some of them may be easily-confused by learners of Estonian.

ikka = still, yet
ikkagi = after all, nevertheless
iga = each, every
igati = in every way

järel = after, behind
järele = after, for
järjest = in a row
järgi = according to, by
järg = sequel, continuation, turn
jälg = print, track
jalg = foot, leg

kohe = instantly, promptly
koha (koht) = place, location
kohal = above, over, present, in place
kohale = in place
kohane = appropriate
kohaselt = according to
koht = place, location
kohta = about
kohtu (kohus) = court of law, duty

kokku = together, total
kogu = entire, whole, body, set, collection

peaaegu = nearly, almost
peagi = soon
pealegi = besides, furthermore
pealagi = top of the head; crown of the head

suhteline = relative
suhtumine = attitude
suhtlemine = communication

vahel = sometimes, rarely
vahest = maybe

välaanne = publication, edition, periodical
väljaandamine = extradition
välja andma = to publish, to extradite, to betray

õige = correct
õigesti = properly, correctly
õieti = in fact, to tell the truth
õie (õis) = flower, bloom
oie (oige) = moan, grown

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Spoken Estonian (eesti kõnekeel)

12/30/2015

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In spoken Estonian, especially in informal, fast speech, many words are shortened. This can make spoken language difficult to understand for people who have learned Estonian from textbooks.
Here are some examples of words which are frequently pronounced differently in fast speech.

Numbers
The word kümmend is often shortened to kend, and the letter h between two vowels is often dropped (with or without a change to the vowel sounds):
Kaeksa = kaheksa
Üeksa = üheksa
Öeksa = üheksa
Kend = kümmend
Kakskend = kakskümmend
Kolmkend = kolmkümmend
Viiskend = viiskümmend
Kaheksakend = kaheksakümmend
Üheksakend = üheksakümmend
Öeksakend = üheksakümmend

Past tense verbs
In fast speech, some sounds (frequently le, t or i) are dropped in the past tense:
Jõuds = jõudis
Leids = leidis
Murds = murdis
Mõts = mõtles
Mõtsin = mõtlesin
Ossin = ostsin
Tahsin = tahtsin
Tõssin = tõstsin
Üts = ütles
Ütsin = ütlesin

Past participles
The -nud ending can become -nd (or other sounds such as t, k) can be dropped):
Lasnud = lasknud
Old = olnud
Olnd = olnud
Osnud = ostnud
Pold = polnud
Rääkind = rääkinud
Käind = käinud
Läind = läinud
Tahnud = tahtnud
Tulnd = tulnud

Adverbs
Adverbs, especially those ending in -lt, often get shortened:
Aint = ainult
Kinlasti = kindlasti
Lissalt = lihtsalt
Lissat = lihtsalt
Prakselt = praktiliselt
Tõenäst = tõenäoliselt
Tegelt = tegelikult

Ea and ää
Ea can become ää (this is also a common change in the southern dialects, and, for some words, acceptable even in written language). Ae and äe also sometimes change to ää, and in fast speech sometimes e sounds like ä:
Hää = hea
Kääs = käes
Lähäb = läheb
Nääd = näed
Präägu = praegu
Pää = pea
Pääl = peal
Pääv = päev
Sääl = seal
Vähä = vähe

Diphthongs
Some other diphthongs are changed into single (long or short) vowels; usually this means that the second vowel sound disappears:
Sel = seal
Pel = peal
Peb = peab
Lääb = läheb
Kääb = käib
Vä = või
Kõge = kõige
Ku = kui
Kudas = kuidas
Kudagi = kuidagi
Kule = kuule
Mudugi = muidugi
Nääteks = näiteks
Teene = teine
Öölda = öelda
Võõbolla = võib-olla
Tõõsti = tõesti

Just one sound
Some common words are shortened in fast speech so that they sound like a single sound (vowel or consonant):
a = aga
e = ei
i = ei
m = ma
n = on

Common words and phrases
Some common phrases run together as if they are a single word, and some common words are shortened:
A = aga
Maitia = ma ei tea
Mitteriti = mitte eriti
Mitterilist = mitte erilist
Nongi = nii ongi
Sedet = seda, et
Taegaa = head aega
Trommikust = tere hommikust
Trõhtust = tere õhtust

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Negative sentences, and some Tammsaare (eitussõnad)

12/26/2015

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Estonian has a wide variety of words to use when making a statement negative. These words may or may not be accompanied by the actual word for "no" (ei). In other words, if you do not know these words, it can be difficult to tell the difference between a positive statement in Estonian and a negative one... they are not words to be ignored, because they literally change the meaning of a sentence to its opposite.
Examples given below come from book one of A. H. Tammsaare's five-part epic, "Tõde ja õigus".

ei

pole

mitte

ega

ära,
ärge

eba-

teps

alles

Ei means "no". Unlike some of the other Finnic languages, Estonian does not conjugate this word; it's always ei.
Examples:
Sinu raha ma ei taha. = I don't want your money.
Töö on töö, leib on leib, ei põlga ühte ega teist. = Work is work and bread is bread; I don't sneer at either one.
Seda mulda ei kaeva keegi ei päiva- ega aastapalgaga. = This earth was not simply shoveled for a day's pay or a year's pay.

Pole means the same as ei ole; in other words, "it isn't", "it's not", or "they aren't". Etymologically, it comes from the phrase ep ole, where ep is an older conjugated form of ei (third person singular).
Examples:
See pole naiste töö lehma soost välja vedada. = Pulling a cow out of the marsh isn't women's work.
Kivi, mille põllult korjad või mööda lauda vankrile veeretead, polegi nagu kivi. = The stones he scooped from the field and rolled onto planks in the wagon were no ordinary stones.

Mitte means "not", "non", or "not one". Etymologically, it is related to the word mis ("what").
Examples:
Kehalt kõhnavõitu, mitte pikk. = He was on the skinny side, not tall.
Aga nagu mees mehega, mitte nagu saunamees peremehega. = Just man to man, not cottager against master.

Ega means "nor", "not either" or "not also"; in other words, it is the negative form of the word "and" or "also" (samuti mitte; ja ei).
Ega loom rumal ole, küll ta teab, kuhu ta läheb. = Animals aren't stupid - they know where to go. (This is a great example, because ega is used here on its own; it's the only indication that the sentence is negative.) A more literally translation might have said "And animals aren't stupid..."
Need ei anna ju piima ega võid. = They don't give milk or butter. In this example, and in the following examples, ega is used along with ei.
Töö on töö, leib on leib, ei põlga ühte ega teist. = Work is work and bread is bread; I don't sneer at either one.
Seda mulda ei kaeva keegi ei päiva- ega aastapalgaga. = This earth was not simply shoveled for a day's pay or a year's pay.

Ära is used to give a negative command in the sina-form. If you are using the teie-form, it changes to Ärge.  Both words mean "don't."
Examples:
Võia võid peale, ära paljalt söö, pühade aeg. = Put some butter on it, don't eat it plain - this is a holiday.
"Ärge talle haiget tehke," palus perenaine tagant järele. = "Don't hurt her," the mistress pleaded as they left.
"Ää ole nii ebausklik," manitses Andres. = "Don't be so superstitious," Andres warned. (Ää  is an older, very colloquial form. In regular speech or writing this would normally be "Ära ole nii ebausklik," manitses Andres.)

Eba is a prefix which is used in much the same way as the prefixes "un-", "dis-", or "ab-" in English. It makes the root word negative, or forms an opposite.
Examples:
"Mitte ammu, mõne päeva eest," vastas Mari ebamääraselt. = Not long ago. A few days," anwered Mari evasively.
"Ää ole nii ebausklik," manitses Andres. = "Don't be so superstitious," Andres warned.
In both of these examples, the prefix eba- reverses the meaning of the previous word (määraselt, usklik). Other examples for eba, which show the negative form more clearly, include ebareaalne (unreal) and ebanormaalne (abnormal). Note that ebausk means "superstition" (the opposite of usk "faith, religion"), while umbusk means "disbelief" (the opposite of usk "belief".

Teps means "not at all"; it is usually used along with other negative words. It comes from an older phrase, mitte eps, although (as with pole from ep ole) the original phrase has disappeared completely; in modern language a common phrase is teps mitte.
Examples:
Ja meie ei või teile teps midagi teha, et oleks teile õieti tehtud. = And there's nothing we can do to you, which is only right.
Sina ei pea mitte hunti paluma, vaid valvake ja paluge, et teps ei tuleks kiusatus. = Do not pray to the wolf, but guard your son to keep him from temptation. (Here the word teps isn't even translated, but it adds emphasis: "no temptation at all".

Alles has various meanings, including "yet," "only", and "still". It is therefore not technically a negative word, but it is included in this list because, even when it has a positive meaning in Estonian (as it does in the examples from Tammsaare below), it can sometimes require a negative statement in the English translation.
Examples:
Alles nüüd katsuti lehma jalule ajada. = Only then did they try to shove the cow up onto her feet. Literally, it means "not until now did they try to drive the cow to her feet". [Implied: they didn't try before that.]
Soo on ju alles külm. = The marsh is still cold. [Implied: it won't be cold in the future.]
Oled alles noorukene. = You're still young. [Implied: you won't be young in the future.]
The examples from Tammsaare above do not fully show how alles can be used with a negative meaning; a better example might be Suvesoe tuleb alles mai lõpust, "warm summer weather won't come until the end of May" or "warm summer weather comes only at the end of May and not before." Alles mai doens't mean "until May"; it means "not until May" or "not before May". Avatud alles kell 14.00 doesn't mean "open until two o'clock", it means "not open until two o'clock", in other words "closed until two o'clock"; this is where it's helpful to recognize the "negative" translation of alles. (When discussing times, it can help to think of it as a synonym for alates: "starting from").

Sources (allikad):
Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat; Tõde ja õigus I by A. H. Tammsaare (1974 edition); and Truth and Justice: Andres and Pearu, translated by Inna Feldback and Alan Peter Trei (2015 edition).

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Kehaosad: Pea ja Nägu (Body Parts: Head and Face)

11/29/2015

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Basic vocabulary for head and face:

Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!

The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.

Head
Face
Nose
Mouth
Forehead
Chin
Neck
Chest

Eye (singular)
Eyes (plural)

Ear (singular)
Ears (plural)

Eyelash (singular)
Eyelashes (plural)

Eyebrow (singular)
Eyebrow (plural)

Cheek (singular)
Cheek (plural)

Hair (singular)
Hair (plural)

Pea
Nägu
Nina
Suu
Laup
Lõug
Kael
Rind

Silm
Silmad

Kõrv
Kõrvad

Ripse
Ripsmed

Kulm
Kulmud

Põsk
Põsed

Juus
Juuksed

Pea
Näo
Nina
Suu
Lauba
Lõua
Kaela
Rinna

Silma
Silme / Silmade

Kõrva
Kõrvade

Ripsme
Ripsmete

Kulmu
Kulmude

Põsk
Põskede

Juukse
Juuste

Pead
Nägu
Nina
Suud
Laupa
Lõuga
Kaela
Rinda

Silma
Silmi / Silmasid

Kõrva
Kõrvu / Kõrvasid

Ripset
Ripsmeid

Kulmu
Kulme / Kulmusid

Põske
Põski / Põskesid

Juust
Juukseid

Image source (pildi allikas): Wikimedia Commons and interactive vocabulary made with Thinglink

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Puuviljad (Fruits)

11/21/2015

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Basic vocabulary for fruits:

Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!

The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.

Strawberry
Apple
Pear
Banana
Orange
Mandarin
Grape
Grapefruit
Watermelon
Cantaloupe
Honeydew
Pineapple
Mango

Maasikas
Õun
Pirn
Banaan
Apelsin
Mandariin
Viinamari
Greip
Arbuus
Muskusmelon
Mesimelon
Ananass
Mango

Maasika
Õuna
Pirni
Banaani
Apelsini
Mandariini
Viinamarja
Greibi
Arbuusi
Muskusmeloni
Mesimeloni
Ananassi
Mango

Maasikat
Õuna
Pirni
Banaani
Apelsini
Mandariini
Viinamarja
Greipi
Arbuusi
Muskusmelonit
Mesimelonit
Ananassi
Mangot

Image source (pildi allikas): Wikimedia Commons and interactive vocabulary made with Thinglink.

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Suur-suur aitäh! (thanking in Estonian)

11/18/2015

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There are several different ways of saying "thank you" in Estonian. A variety of them are listed below.

Aitäh: This is one of the more common ways to say "thank you" in Estonian. If you are just looking for a quick, simple phrase to memorize for "thank you," this is a good one to use. Originally a short form of aitüma or aituma (see below), it is now more common than either of those. Its pronunciation is unique for Estonian because normally the letter ä comes only in the first syllable, and the stress of Estonian words is usually on the first syllable as well; in the word aitäh both the stress and the letter ä come in the second syllable: aitäh.

Suur tänu: This means "big thanks," and is commonly used as a way to say "thank you very much". Similarly, you can also say Suur aitäh. To show even more gratitude you can say Suur-suur tänu or Suur-suur aitäh. There is also Palju tänu, "many thanks," Tuhat tänu, "a thousand thanks," and Südamlik tänu, "heartfelt thanks." Note that the correct word for all of these expressions is tänu, not tänud.

Tänan: This comes from the verb tänama, "to thank," so it means "I thank you." You can use it on its own or you can say Tänan väga "thank you very much", Tänan teid "thank you" (formal or plural), or Tänan sind "thank you" (informal). Ma tänan teid südamest means "I thank you from the heart." If you are saying "thank you" on behalf of a group of people, you can change Tänan "I thank" to Täname "we thank".

Aitüma: This is a less common way to say Aitäh. Another way to say it is Aituma. Keep in mind that it is an interjection, not a verb (although it ends in -ma and looks a bit like an infinitive form, it isn't, and it shouldn't be conjugated like a verb). Etymologically it comes from the phrase "aita Jumal" (God help), and the original phrase is better preserved in some of the southern dialect variants such as Aitjumma.

Ma olen sulle väga tänulik: This means "I am very thankful to you" or "I am grateful to you". Olen sulle südamest tänulik means "I am sincerely (from the heart) thankful to you." You can change either of these phrases to the formal form by replacing sulle with teile.

Suur tänu... eest: Use any of the words above to thank someone for something by using the word eest: Suur tänu abi eest, "thank you very much for the help," Tänan sinu kirja eest, "thank you for your letter," Aitäh hea nõu eest, "thanks for the good advice." You can also use et with with a verb or verb phrase: Olen sulle väga tänulik, et appi tulid, "I am very grateful that you came to help," or use the -mast form of the verb (ma-infinitive + st): Aitäh tulemast, "thanks for coming."

Ma ei leia sõnu, et sind küllalt tänada: This is a phrase you can use when you are extremely grateful for something. It means "I can't find the words to thank you enough." Mul pole sõnu, et sind tänada is "I don't have the words to thank you." In both of these phrases, sind can be replaced by teid when you need to use the formal form. Sa ei kujuta ette, kui tänulik ma sulle olen means "you can't imagine how grateful I am to you."

See on sinust väga kena: This means "it is very nice of you." The formal form is See on teist väga kena and you can also say See on sinust nii kena or See on teist nii kena ("it is so nice of you").

Pole tänu väärt: This is a very common way to respond to "thank you." It means "it's not worth thanks" (in other words, "don't mention it").

Palun: This is another response to "thank you," it is the same word that is used to say "please". You can also say Palun-palun.

Võtke heaks: This is another way to say "you're welcome" in response to "thank you." The informal form is Võta heaks.

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Põhisõnu Köögist (Keywords from the Kitchen)

11/12/2015

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Basic vocabulary for things in the kitchen:

Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!

The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.

Kitchen
Window
Curtain
Plant
Kitchen cabinet
Drawer
Sink
Faucet
Microwave
Oven
Stove
Container
Dishwasher
Dishtowel
Napkin
Light switch
Electrical outlet
Floor

Köök
Aken
Kardin
Taim
Köögikapp
Sahtel
Kraanikauss
Kraan
Mikrolaineahi
Ahi
Pliit
Tops
Nõudepesumasin
Nõuderätik
Salvrätik
Lüliti
Pistikupesa
Põrand

Köögi
Akna
Kardina
Taime
Köögikapi
Sahtli
Kraanikausi
Kraani
Mikrolaineahju
Ahju
Pliidi
Topsi
Nõudepesumasina
Nõuderätiku
Salvrätiku
Lüliti
Pistikupesa
Põranda

Kööki
Akent
Kardinat
Taime
Köögikappi
Sahtlit
Kraanikaussi
Kraani
Mikrolaineahju
Ahju
Pliiti
Topsi
Nõudepesumasinat
Nõuderätikut
Salvrätikut
Lülitit
Pistikupesa
Põrandat

Image source (pildi allikas): Wikimedia Commons and interactive vocabulary made with Thinglink.

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