Farmhouse
Door Window Roof Chimney Tree Bush Grass Flower Sky Pole fence Green grass Blue sky Yellow flower |
Talumaja
Uks Aken Katus Korsten Puu Põõsas Muru Lill Taevas Teivasaed Roheline muru Sinine taevas Kollane lill |
Talumaja
Ukse Akna Katuse Korstna Puu Põõsa Muru Lille Taeva Teivasaia Rohelise muru Sinise taeva Kollase lille |
Talumaja
Ust Akent Katust Korstnat Puud Põõsast Muru Lille Taevast Teivasaeda Rohelist muru Sinist taevast Kollast lille |
Basic vocabulary for house and garden:
Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!
The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.
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Estonian compound words are usually made of two nouns, the first one in the nominative (nimetav) or genitive (omastav) case, the second one in the nominative (nimetav) case. Compound words in Estonian are often creative and descriptive. Some of the more interesting and descriptive compound words include: pesu (wash) + karu (bear) = pesukaru (washbear) raccoon kilp (shield) + konn (frog) = kilpkonn (shieldfrog) turtle jõe (river) + hobu (horse) = jõehobu (riverhorse) hippopotamus nina (nose) + sarvik (horn) = ninasarvik (nosehorn) rhinoceros raud (iron) + tee (road) = raudtee (ironroad) railroad pistik (plug) + pesa (nest) = pistikupesa (plugnest) outlet
For those not yet familiar with the Estonian case system, don't panic. You don't actually have to memorize 75 forms of the word "eighty", or of any other word. But it is true that there are 75 forms of the word "eighty"*. Here's how: there are 14 cases in Estonian. Each case has a singular and plural form, making 28 total. The numbers, in addition, have cardinal (one, two, three) and ordinal (first, second, third) forms, which makes two sets of 28. That makes 56, but in some cases there are more than one possible form. For the word "eighty" (or for any similar number word), many plural cases have two forms, and the total is 75 forms. On the bright side, there are fairly consistent rules to how cases are formed, so for most words you can form the all the other cases by learning only three forms (nominative, genitive, and partitive). *Why did I choose the number eighty? Because it's the one I encountered recently that was giving me trouble. I was trying to figure out the adessive plural of the ordinal number; in other words, I wanted to say "in the eighties". No, English doesn't use the ordinal number for this, but Estonian does: it means "in the eightieth (years)." By the way, the correct form for "in the eighties" is kaheksakümnendatel.
The following words have similar sounds (and in some cases, related meanings); some of them may be easily-confused by learners of Estonian. ikka = still, yet ikkagi = after all, nevertheless iga = each, every igati = in every way järel = after, behind järele = after, for järjest = in a row järgi = according to, by järg = sequel, continuation, turn jälg = print, track jalg = foot, leg kohe = instantly, promptly koha (koht) = place, location kohal = above, over, present, in place kohale = in place kohane = appropriate kohaselt = according to koht = place, location kohta = about kohtu (kohus) = court of law, duty kokku = together, total kogu = entire, whole, body, set, collection peaaegu = nearly, almost peagi = soon pealegi = besides, furthermore pealagi = top of the head; crown of the head suhteline = relative suhtumine = attitude suhtlemine = communication vahel = sometimes, rarely vahest = maybe välaanne = publication, edition, periodical väljaandamine = extradition välja andma = to publish, to extradite, to betray õige = correct õigesti = properly, correctly õieti = in fact, to tell the truth õie (õis) = flower, bloom oie (oige) = moan, grown In spoken Estonian, especially in informal, fast speech, many words are shortened. This can make spoken language difficult to understand for people who have learned Estonian from textbooks. Here are some examples of words which are frequently pronounced differently in fast speech.
Numbers The word kümmend is often shortened to kend, and the letter h between two vowels is often dropped (with or without a change to the vowel sounds): Kaeksa = kaheksa Üeksa = üheksa Öeksa = üheksa Kend = kümmend Kakskend = kakskümmend Kolmkend = kolmkümmend Viiskend = viiskümmend Kaheksakend = kaheksakümmend Üheksakend = üheksakümmend Öeksakend = üheksakümmend Past tense verbs In fast speech, some sounds (frequently le, t or i) are dropped in the past tense: Jõuds = jõudis Leids = leidis Murds = murdis Mõts = mõtles Mõtsin = mõtlesin Ossin = ostsin Tahsin = tahtsin Tõssin = tõstsin Üts = ütles Ütsin = ütlesin Past participles The -nud ending can become -nd (or other sounds such as t, k) can be dropped): Lasnud = lasknud Old = olnud Olnd = olnud Osnud = ostnud Pold = polnud Rääkind = rääkinud Käind = käinud Läind = läinud Tahnud = tahtnud Tulnd = tulnud Adverbs Adverbs, especially those ending in -lt, often get shortened: Aint = ainult Kinlasti = kindlasti Lissalt = lihtsalt Lissat = lihtsalt Prakselt = praktiliselt Tõenäst = tõenäoliselt Tegelt = tegelikult Ea and ää Ea can become ää (this is also a common change in the southern dialects, and, for some words, acceptable even in written language). Ae and äe also sometimes change to ää, and in fast speech sometimes e sounds like ä: Hää = hea Kääs = käes Lähäb = läheb Nääd = näed Präägu = praegu Pää = pea Pääl = peal Pääv = päev Sääl = seal Vähä = vähe Diphthongs Some other diphthongs are changed into single (long or short) vowels; usually this means that the second vowel sound disappears: Sel = seal Pel = peal Peb = peab Lääb = läheb Kääb = käib Vä = või Kõge = kõige Ku = kui Kudas = kuidas Kudagi = kuidagi Kule = kuule Mudugi = muidugi Nääteks = näiteks Teene = teine Öölda = öelda Võõbolla = võib-olla Tõõsti = tõesti Just one sound Some common words are shortened in fast speech so that they sound like a single sound (vowel or consonant): a = aga e = ei i = ei m = ma n = on Common words and phrases Some common phrases run together as if they are a single word, and some common words are shortened: A = aga Maitia = ma ei tea Mitteriti = mitte eriti Mitterilist = mitte erilist Nongi = nii ongi Sedet = seda, et Taegaa = head aega Trommikust = tere hommikust Trõhtust = tere õhtust Estonian has a wide variety of words to use when making a statement negative. These words may or may not be accompanied by the actual word for "no" (ei). In other words, if you do not know these words, it can be difficult to tell the difference between a positive statement in Estonian and a negative one... they are not words to be ignored, because they literally change the meaning of a sentence to its opposite. Examples given below come from book one of A. H. Tammsaare's five-part epic, "Tõde ja õigus".
Sources (allikad):
Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat; Tõde ja õigus I by A. H. Tammsaare (1974 edition); and Truth and Justice: Andres and Pearu, translated by Inna Feldback and Alan Peter Trei (2015 edition).
Basic vocabulary for head and face:
Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!
The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.
Image source (pildi allikas): Wikimedia Commons and interactive vocabulary made with Thinglink
Basic vocabulary for fruits:
Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!
The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.
There are several different ways of saying "thank you" in Estonian. A variety of them are listed below.
Aitäh: This is one of the more common ways to say "thank you" in Estonian. If you are just looking for a quick, simple phrase to memorize for "thank you," this is a good one to use. Originally a short form of aitüma or aituma (see below), it is now more common than either of those. Its pronunciation is unique for Estonian because normally the letter ä comes only in the first syllable, and the stress of Estonian words is usually on the first syllable as well; in the word aitäh both the stress and the letter ä come in the second syllable: aitäh. Suur tänu: This means "big thanks," and is commonly used as a way to say "thank you very much". Similarly, you can also say Suur aitäh. To show even more gratitude you can say Suur-suur tänu or Suur-suur aitäh. There is also Palju tänu, "many thanks," Tuhat tänu, "a thousand thanks," and Südamlik tänu, "heartfelt thanks." Note that the correct word for all of these expressions is tänu, not tänud. Tänan: This comes from the verb tänama, "to thank," so it means "I thank you." You can use it on its own or you can say Tänan väga "thank you very much", Tänan teid "thank you" (formal or plural), or Tänan sind "thank you" (informal). Ma tänan teid südamest means "I thank you from the heart." If you are saying "thank you" on behalf of a group of people, you can change Tänan "I thank" to Täname "we thank". Aitüma: This is a less common way to say Aitäh. Another way to say it is Aituma. Keep in mind that it is an interjection, not a verb (although it ends in -ma and looks a bit like an infinitive form, it isn't, and it shouldn't be conjugated like a verb). Etymologically it comes from the phrase "aita Jumal" (God help), and the original phrase is better preserved in some of the southern dialect variants such as Aitjumma. Ma olen sulle väga tänulik: This means "I am very thankful to you" or "I am grateful to you". Olen sulle südamest tänulik means "I am sincerely (from the heart) thankful to you." You can change either of these phrases to the formal form by replacing sulle with teile. Suur tänu... eest: Use any of the words above to thank someone for something by using the word eest: Suur tänu abi eest, "thank you very much for the help," Tänan sinu kirja eest, "thank you for your letter," Aitäh hea nõu eest, "thanks for the good advice." You can also use et with with a verb or verb phrase: Olen sulle väga tänulik, et appi tulid, "I am very grateful that you came to help," or use the -mast form of the verb (ma-infinitive + st): Aitäh tulemast, "thanks for coming." Ma ei leia sõnu, et sind küllalt tänada: This is a phrase you can use when you are extremely grateful for something. It means "I can't find the words to thank you enough." Mul pole sõnu, et sind tänada is "I don't have the words to thank you." In both of these phrases, sind can be replaced by teid when you need to use the formal form. Sa ei kujuta ette, kui tänulik ma sulle olen means "you can't imagine how grateful I am to you." See on sinust väga kena: This means "it is very nice of you." The formal form is See on teist väga kena and you can also say See on sinust nii kena or See on teist nii kena ("it is so nice of you"). Pole tänu väärt: This is a very common way to respond to "thank you." It means "it's not worth thanks" (in other words, "don't mention it"). Palun: This is another response to "thank you," it is the same word that is used to say "please". You can also say Palun-palun. Võtke heaks: This is another way to say "you're welcome" in response to "thank you." The informal form is Võta heaks.
Basic vocabulary for things in the kitchen:
Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!
The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.
Image source (pildi allikas): Wikimedia Commons and interactive vocabulary made with Thinglink.
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