Farmhouse
Door Window Roof Chimney Tree Bush Grass Flower Sky Pole fence Green grass Blue sky Yellow flower |
Talumaja
Uks Aken Katus Korsten Puu Põõsas Muru Lill Taevas Teivasaed Roheline muru Sinine taevas Kollane lill |
Talumaja
Ukse Akna Katuse Korstna Puu Põõsa Muru Lille Taeva Teivasaia Rohelise muru Sinise taeva Kollase lille |
Talumaja
Ust Akent Katust Korstnat Puud Põõsast Muru Lille Taevast Teivasaeda Rohelist muru Sinist taevast Kollast lille |
Basic vocabulary for house and garden:
Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!
The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.
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For those not yet familiar with the Estonian case system, don't panic. You don't actually have to memorize 75 forms of the word "eighty", or of any other word. But it is true that there are 75 forms of the word "eighty"*. Here's how: there are 14 cases in Estonian. Each case has a singular and plural form, making 28 total. The numbers, in addition, have cardinal (one, two, three) and ordinal (first, second, third) forms, which makes two sets of 28. That makes 56, but in some cases there are more than one possible form. For the word "eighty" (or for any similar number word), many plural cases have two forms, and the total is 75 forms. On the bright side, there are fairly consistent rules to how cases are formed, so for most words you can form the all the other cases by learning only three forms (nominative, genitive, and partitive). *Why did I choose the number eighty? Because it's the one I encountered recently that was giving me trouble. I was trying to figure out the adessive plural of the ordinal number; in other words, I wanted to say "in the eighties". No, English doesn't use the ordinal number for this, but Estonian does: it means "in the eightieth (years)." By the way, the correct form for "in the eighties" is kaheksakümnendatel.
Vocabulary for describing hands:
Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!
The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) singular cases.
Image source (pildi allikas): Wikimedia Commons and interactive vocabulary made with Thinglink.
Note: the word käsi means both "hand" and "arm". If you want to refer to the hand specifically, you can say labakäsi; to refer to the arm specifically, you can say käsivars. The arm between the hand and elbow can be called küünarvars (forearm); the arm between the elbow and shoulder is õlavars (upper arm). "Elbow"is küünarnukk. The general word käsi works just fine for all parts of the hand and arm when you don't need to be that specific.
There is also an older synonym for käsi, käbar (plural käbarad), which is sometimes used in place of käsi, particularly in colloquial speech and older expressions. Like käsi, it means both "hand" and "arm".
Basic vocabulary for head and face:
Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!
The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.
Image source (pildi allikas): Wikimedia Commons and interactive vocabulary made with Thinglink
Basic vocabulary for fruits:
Move the cursor over the image to see the words! Viige hiirekursori pildi peale sõnade nägemiseks!
The words are listed below in the nominative (nimetav), genitive (omastav) and partitive (osastav) cases.
Most languages have words for the four cardinal directions (north, east, south west), and use these words in compounds to create the four inter-cardinal directions (northeast, northwest, southwest, southeast). Languages which have eight distinct and unrelated words for both sets of directions are few and far between. Estonian is one of those few that does. Many of the other languages that do have eight distinct words for the directions are related to Estonian: Finnish, Ingrian, Karelian, Livonian, Ludic, Veps, and Votic. In addition to the Finnic languages, Breton and Sanskrit also have eight unrelated words for the eight directions. (Interestingly, the Breton word for "south", kreisteiz, also means "noon," just as the Estonian word for south lõuna does.) Indonesian and Malaysian have a specific word for southeast, tenggara, but use the words for east (timur) and west (barat) in the words for southwest, northwest, and northeast (barat daya, barat laut, and timur laut). Most other languages of the world simply combine the words for the four cardinal directions to create the other four directions between them, like English does. English: northeast, southeast, southwest, northwest. Spanish: noreste, sureste, suroeste, noroeste. French: nord-est, sud-est, sud-ouest, nord-ouest. German: Nordosten, Südosten, Südwesten, Nordwesten. Swedish: nordost, sydost, sydväst, nordväst. Russian: северо-восток, юго-восток, юго-запад, северо-запад. Chinese: 东北,东南,西南,西北. Estonian: kirre, kagu, edel, loe. Finnish: koillinen, kaakko, lounas, luode. compass directions: Estonian and Finnish / ilmakaared: eesti ja soome. Image source (pildi allikas): Jimpaz via Wikimedia Commons. The eight directions in Estonian are: põhi (north), kirre (northeast), ida (east), kagu (southeast), lõuna, (south), edel (southwest), lääs (west), and loe (northwest).
Several of these words (notably kirre, lääs, and loe) have significant changes in other case forms, so I will list the relevant forms below. North: nimetav ainsus (nominative singular): põhi omastav ainsus (genitive singular): põhja osastav ainsus (partitive singular): põhja osastav mitmus (partitive plural): põhju / põhjasid Northeast: nimetav ainsus (nominative singular): kirre omastav ainsus (genitive singular): kirde osastav ainsus (partitive singular): kirret osastav mitmus (partitive plural): kirdeid East: nimetav ainsus (nominative singular): ida omastav ainsus (genitive singular): ida osastav ainsus (partitive singular): ida osastav mitmus (partitive plural): idasid Southeast: nimetav ainsus (nominative singular): kagu omastav ainsus (genitive singular): kagu osastav ainsus (partitive singular): kagu osastav mitmus (partitive plural): kagusid South: nimetav ainsus (nominative singular): lõuna omastav ainsus (genitive singular): lõuna osastav ainsus (partitive singular): lõunat osastav mitmus (partitive plural): lõunaid Southwest: nimetav ainsus (nominative singular): edel omastav ainsus (genitive singular): edela osastav ainsus (partitive singular): edelat osastav mitmus (partitive plural): edelaid West: nimetav ainsus (nominative singular): lääs omastav ainsus (genitive singular): lääne osastav ainsus (partitive singular): läänt osastav mitmus (partitive plural): lääsi Northwest: nimetav ainsus (nominative singular): loe omastav ainsus (genitive singular): loode osastav ainsus (partitive singular): loet osastav mitmus (partitive plural): loodeid |
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